1999年10月25日
敵を知り自分を知れば
自分が知らない事について人が説明するのを聞くのは非常に楽しい事だが、自分が既に知っている事を人がどのように説明するのかを聞くのも非常に面白い。学校で習ったトピックについて、その人がどういう教わりかたをしていたのか、その人がものをどのような切り口で捉えているのか。
いろいろなページで為された電流についての説明は非常に面白かった。特に、"Island Life"の「名づけたものが、実在する(10/23)」が面白かった。良く考えると「実在」という言葉自体もなかなか曖昧で難しい言葉だが、僕には「実在するものに名前をつける」という方がしっくり来る。詩的な雰囲気はなくなってしまうが。
僕の古い記憶をたどると、電流という言葉は(多分)ファラデーによって作られたと聞いた事がある。その話はこうだ。
とある数種類の金属を組み合わせてある溶液に浸し(今の言葉で言えば「電池」を作り)、金属線を繋ぐと不思議な現象が起こる。どこか１個所金属線を切るとそれは起こらない。どう考えても「電池」のどちらかから反対側に何かが流れているはずだが、見えないし触れないし聞こえないし味もしない。つまり、当時は何も手がかりが無かった。
ファラデーは考えた。よし、不思議な現象を起こすものを「電気」と名づけ、流れているものを「電流」と名づけよう！電流がどちらからどちらに流れているかは何の手がかりも無いが... いいや！こちらからあちらへ流れている事にに決めた！
そして、後の科学者達の努力によって、ファラデーの二者択一の賭けが外れた事が証明された。よって電子の電荷はマイナスになり、全世界の中高生が「電流の逆に電子が流れる」という話の複雑さに苦しんでいる。ちなみに、僕は勝手に「逆電流」というものを考えて、電子がプラスの電荷をもつと考えて理解し、その後で全て逆にしてもう一度理解した。最後の「すべて逆にする」のところでずいぶん混乱したから、お薦めの勉強法ではないが。
僕の理解では、科学の世界ではまず現象が見つかって(または考え出されて)、それを見つけた人が名前をつける。いつもいつも「これこれこういうことが起こる現象は...」と長ったらしく言っていられないので、「これこれこういう現象」に名前をつけるのだ。だから僕にとっては「名づけたならば実在する」と言うよりも「実在するから名前がある」と言った方が頭に入りやすい。
粒子と波動にしても、「粒と粒をぶつけたら跳ね返るが、波と波をぶつけても跳ね返らずに進み続け、両方の波形がいろいろ変わる」とか「粒をまっすぐ障害物にぶつけたら跳ね返るだけだが、波は障害物の後ろまで回り込んで届く」と言う事が分かったから、名前をつけたのだ。ここでは「ぶつけたら跳ね返る」が粒子性、「波形がいろいろ変わる」が(波の)干渉、「障害物の後ろまで回り込む」が回折、干渉と回折をまとめて波動性と呼ぶ。粒子性と波動性をまとめて光の性質として「光性」などという名前にしないのは、あまりに大きな範囲の物を含みすぎる言葉で、言葉としての情報量に欠けるからだろうか。ひょっとしたら僕が知らないだけで、誰かが既に名づけているかも知れない。
物事について知識を持ちすぎると、何も知らない人に説明するのが却って下手になってしまったりする事がある。中学生や高校生にどの程度までの知識を与えるかを明確に決めてしまって、後で起こる矛盾を恐れずに「これはこうだ」と間違いを含みつつシンプルな理屈を与える、という教授法もそんなに悪くはないんじゃないか、と僕は思っている。
と言うのも、エンジニアなんて言う職業をしていると、大事な前提をすっとばしていきなり細かい事ばかり話しはじめて、自分の世界で話が終始してしまう人とたくさん接する機会があるから。何かを説明するときに一番大事なのは「相手の知識量の見極め」のような気がする今日この頃。ああ、でも、話の流れも大事だし、言葉の選びかたも重要だなあ。うーん。
＊＊ところで、明日からまた日本に行く事になっている。今回は出張ではなく、結婚式を挙げるため。
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